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ethnic identity development
Ethnic identity development includes self-categorization in, and psychological attachment toward, an ethnic group(s). Ethnic identity is characterized as part of one’s overarching self-concept. Development of ethnic identity is described as a process of the construction of identity over time,〔 due to a combination of experience and actions of the individual〔Phinney, J. S. & Ong, A.D. (2007). Conceptualization and measurement of ethnic identity: Current status and future directions. ''Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54,'' 271-281.〕 and includes gaining knowledge and understanding of in-group(s), as well as a sense of belonging to an ethnic group(s).
Ethnic identity is sometimes interchanged with, held distinct from, or considered as overlapping with racial identity. This disagreement in the distinction (or lack thereof) between these concepts may originate from the incongruity of definitions of race and ethnicity, as well as the historic conceptualization of models and research surrounding ethnic and racial identity. Research on racial identity development emerged from the experiences of African Americans during the civil rights movement, however expanded over time to include the experiences of other racial groups.〔Wijeyesinghe, C. L., & Jackson, B. W. (2001). New perspectives on racial identity development. New York: NYU Press.〕 The concept of racial identity is often misunderstood and can have several meanings which are derived from biological dimensions and social dimensions. Race is derived from an individual's physical features, gene pools, and character qualities. The social construction of racial identity can be referred as a sense of group or collective identity based on one's perception that he or she shares a common heritage with a particular racial group. Racial identity is a surface-level manifestation based on what we look like yet has deep implications in how we are treated.〔Chávez, A. F. and Guido-DiBrito, F. (1999), Racial and Ethnic Identity and Development. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 1999: 39–47. doi: 10.1002/ace.8405〕
==History==
Generally, group level processes of ethnic identity have been explored by social science disciplines, including sociology and anthropology. In contrast, ethnic identity research within psychology usually focuses on the individual and interpersonal processes. Within psychology, ethnic identity is typically studied by social, developmental and cross-cultural psychologists.〔Phinney, J. Ethnic identity. In A. Kazdin (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 255-259). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.〕
Models of ethnic development emerged in both social and developmental psychology, with different theoretical roots.
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